Efficacy assessment of preoperative radiochemotherapy and analysis of associated factors in rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative radiochemotherapy and investigate the influencing factors in rectal cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-three patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with radiochemotherapy before surgery. Three-field technique of radiation therapy was administered with 46 Gy, 2 Gy per fraction, five times a week. Two cycles of chemotherapy were carried out at day 1, 2 and day 21, 22 during the radiation course. Surgery was performed 4-6 weeks after the radiochemotherapy. Response of preoperative radiochemotherapy was evaluated in all the patients by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), spiral computed tomography (SCT) and pathology. Influencing factors of the efficacy of radiochemotherapy were evaluated by univariate and Logistic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size and histological grading were associated with the efficacy of preoperative radiochemotherapy. Logistic regression analysis showed that only tumor size was the significant predictive factor for response to preoperative radiochemotherapy. All patients underwent surgical resection after preoperative radiochemotherapy. The tumor was reduced by an average of 32.1%. T-level down-staging was 64.2%. Nodal negativity was 58.1%. Complete pathologic remission occurred in 11 patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Preoperative radiochemotherapy can shrink the primary tumor and decrease lymph node metastasis rate. Patient with small tumor may have better response to preoperative radiochemotherapy.</p>

Effects of enterostomy in treating locally advanced rectal cancer with combined chemoradiotherapy and operation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of enterostomy in treatment of locally advanced rectal carcinoma patients with combined chemoradiotherapy and operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data from 51 cases of locally advanced rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and operation were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-three patients (64.9%) got staging down of their cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and 21.6% of patients (11 cases) had complete pathologic response. Thirty-seven patients received enterostomy, including extraperitoneal sigmoidostomy (29 cases), defunctioning ileostomy (8 cases) and double colostomy (3 cases with colon obstruction during preoperative therapy). One case experienced parastomal hernia and one stomal stenosis and 2 cases parastomal infection after enterostomy. No death of enterostomy occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Colostomy can reduce the pressure of obstructed intestinal tract and contribute much to the preoperative chemoradiotherapy, ileostomy can protect the distal stoma from leakage in sphincter saving operation. Enterostomy could be selected when needed in the favor of locally advanced rectal cancer patients.</p>

H2 receptor mediates the protective effect of histamine against the cellular edema and viability reduction induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To determine the effect of histamine on ischemia-induced cellular edema and viability reduction in rat hippocampal slices, and the involved subtypes of histamine receptor in this effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In vitro ischemic injury of hippocampal slices was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The slice injury was determined by real-timely measuring the changes of light transmittance (LT) for the cellular edema in CA1 region of the hippocampal slice, and by detecting the product of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), formazan, for the slice viability. The effect of histamine at various concentrations on the slice injury was observed, and the blockage by antagonists of histamine receptors was also investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Histamine (0.01-10 micromol x L(-1)) inhibited the peak value of LT during OGD in hippocampal slices and improved the reduced viability after OGD. Diphenhydramine (0.1-10 micromol x L(-1)), an H1 receptor antagonist, did not affect the effect of histamine, while cimetidine (0.1-10 micromol x L(-1)), an H2 receptor antagonist, partly abolished the protective effect of histamine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Histamine protects hippocampal slices against ischemia-induced cellular edema and viability reduction; this effect might be mediated via, at least partly, H2 receptor.</p>

Incomplete protective effects of minocycline on traumatic brain injury in rats and mice / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate protective effect of minocycline,a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative on different traumatic brain injuries in rats and mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The opened brain trauma was induced in rats and the closed head injury and cold brain injury were induced in mice. In 3 brain trauma models, minocycline (45 mg/kg, ip) was administered twice daily for 2 d before the operation, at 30 min before and 1 h after the operation, and once daily for 2 d following the operation (totally 8 doses in 5 d). After the operation, the behavioral alteration was observed daily, lesion area and survival neuron density were measured at the end of the experiments (14 d after the injuries).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>For rat opened traumatic injury, minocycline promoted the recovery of hindlimb motor activity (inclined board angle), but did not alter other indexes. For mouse closed head traumatic injury, minocycline reduced the neuron loss, but did not improve behavioral dysfunction. For mouse cold injury-induced trauma, minocycline reduced death rate and lesion area, but did not remarkably improve behavior and neuron loss.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Minocycline only has an incomplete neuroprotective effect on different brain traumatic injuries in rats and mice.</p>

Effect of chronic transauricular kindled seizures on passive-avoidance test memory retention in rats / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate effect of chronic transauricular kindled seizures on passive-avoidance test memory retention in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Chronic transauricular kindled seizures was induced by repeated application of initially subconvulsive electrical stimulation through ear-clip electrodes once every 24 h until the occurrence of 3 consecutive clonic-tonic seizures. A passive avoidance test was used to measure memory retention ability. Morphological changes in neurons of hippocampal CA1 region was examined after HE staining. Histamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels in the hippocampus were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Chronic transauricular kindled seizures impaired passive-avoidance test memory retention in rats. The damaged CA1 neurons were observed and histamine content in the hippocampus markedly decreased 24 h after the end of kindling in the chronic transauricular kindled rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic transauricular kindled seizure impaired passive-avoidance test memory retention, and it might be due to the damaged CA1 neurons and a decrease of histamine in the hippocampus induced by epilepsy.</p>

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for 35 patients with locally advanced lower rectal carcinoma / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of combined preoperative chemotherapy with radiotherapy on locally advanced lower rectal carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty- five patients with locally advanced lower rectal carcinoma were received a new regimen of combined preoperative chemotherapy with radiotherapy. Routine fr action of radiation was given with total dose of 46 Gy,2 Gy per fraction,five ti mes a week. Patients received oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) (infusion) on day 1, plus leu novorin 200 mg/m(2) and 5- FU 500 mg/m(2)(intravenous bolus) from day 1 to day 3 eve ry 3 weeks for total two cycles before irradiation. Operation was performed 4 to 6 weeks later after neoadjuvant therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After neoadjuvant therapy,all patients underwent surgical resection with complete pathologic response in 7 patients,average tumor size decrease of in 34.4%, tumor stage decrease in 65.7% o f patients and nodal- negative change rate of 55.6%. Radical resection was per formed in 34 patients,in whom 18 patients received abdominoperineal resection(AP R) and 16 patients received sphincter- preserving surgery with 45.7% of anal preservation rate. One patient received palliative resection. No local recurrence occurred in all patients who received radical resection,but two cases had liver metastasis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined preoperative chemotherapy with radiotherapy is a better neoadjuvant therapy for lower advanced rectal cancer,which can decrease tumor stage,improve resectability and anal sphincter preservation rate,therefore ,this new neoadjuvant therapy with tolerable toxicity will has a promising application in the clinical setting.</p>

Effects of edaravone, minocycline and ONO-1078 on oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced electrophysiological alteration in rat hippocampal slices / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To establish an in vitro model of hippocampal slice to detect electrophysiological alteration after oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), and to observe the effects of edaravone, minocycline and ONO-1078 [pranlukast, 4-oxo-8-[p-(4-phenylbutyloxy) benzoyl-amino]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate].</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Hippocampal slices from rats were perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid lacking oxygen and glucose for 3, 4, 7 and 10 min. The population spike (PS) was recorded, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed in some experiments, to detect the slice viability in the presence or absence of drugs in the perfusion solution.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four min of OGD treatment was the most suitable duration for induction of slice injury, and PS amplitudes were recovered to (29 +/- 6)% of baseline values within 1 h after 4 min OGD. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, at 1 and 10 mumol.L-1 significantly increased the recovery rate to (56 +/- 13)% and (69 +/- 12)% of baseline respectively 1 h after OGD. However, the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline (10 mumol.L-1) and leukotriene receptor antagonist ONO-1078 (1 mumol.L-1) did not increase the recovery. NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, as a positive control, also promoted the recovery concentration-dependently.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>OGD for 4 min was a feasible in vitro ischemia model for determination on electrophysiological alteration in hippocampal slices. Edaravone showed concentration-dependent protective effect on OGD injury, and anti-inflammatory drugs minocycline and ONO-1078 showed no effect.</p>

Protective effect of minocycline on oxygen/glucose deprivation and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary neurons and hippocampal slices / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD)-and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity models in rat primary neurons and hippocampal slices, and to determine the protective effect of minocycline.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The injuries of primary neurons were induced by OGD or NMDA (50micromol/L). Morphological changes of neurons were observed, and neuron viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The changes of light transmittance (LT) were induced by OGD or NMDA in rat hippocampal slices. The effects of minocycline and MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, were observed in the models of OGD-or NMDA-induced injuries.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Minocycline concentration dependently inhibited OGD induced decrease of neuron viability and ameliorated neuron morphological changes at 1 and 10 micromol/L. It also inhibited NMDA insult at 10 and 100 micromol/L. MK-801 inhibited both injuries at 1 micromol/L. However, minocycline at 1 or 10 micromol/L did not inhibit the augment of LT in hippocampal slices induced by OGD or NMDA, while MK-801 inhibited both OGD-and NMDA-induced LT augments.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Minocycline protects neurons from OGD insult, which may inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity through an indirect pathway, but has no effect on OGD-or NMDA-induced immediate injury in hippocampal slices.</p>